![]() Holding: Students are entitled to certain due process rights. The Supreme Court ruled for Gideon, saying that the Sixth Amendment requires indigent criminal defendants to be provided an attorney free of charge. Being indigent, he petitioned the judge to provide him with an attorney free of charge. Gideon was accused of committing a felony. Holding: Indigent defendants must be provided representation without charge. The Supreme Court agreed, stating that the government could not sponsor such religious activities. This action was challenged in Court as an unconstitutional state establishment of religion in violation of the First Amendment. In the New York school system, each day began with a nondenominational prayer acknowledging dependence upon God. Holding: School initiated-prayer in the public school system violates the First Amendment. ![]() The Court unanimously rejected this argument and held that only the federal courts can decide when the Constitution is violated. They argued that the states could nullify federal court decisions if they felt that the federal courts were violating the Constitution. Several government officials in southern states, including the governor and legislature of Alabama, refused to follow the Supreme Court's Brown v. Holding: States cannot nullify decisions of the federal courts. ![]() Westminster using a readers theater presentation. Honor the important figures involved in the related cases Brown v. In 1954, the Court reversed its Plessy decision, declaring that "separate schools are inherently unequal." Ferguson (1896), the Supreme Court sanctioned segregation by upholding the doctrine of "separate but equal." The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People disagreed with this ruling, challenging the constitutionality of segregation in the Topeka, Kansas, school system. The Supreme Court in Earls upheld this practice. Some schools then began to require drug tests of all students in extracurricular activities. Acton (1995), the Supreme Court held that random drug tests of student athletes do not violate the Fourth Amendment's prohibition of unreasonable searches and seizures. Holding: Random drug tests of students involved in extracurricular activities do not violate the Fourth Amendment. The Supreme Court held that his free speech rights were not violated.īoard of Education of Independent School District #92 of Pottawatomie County v. ![]() In this speech, he nominated his fellow classmate for an elected school office. Fraser, a student at Bethel High School, was suspended for three days for delivering an obscene and provocative speech to the student body. Holding: Students do not have a First Amendment right to make obscene speeches in school.
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